Aqua (Water), Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate, Heptyl Undecylenate, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Methylpropanediol, Polylactic Acid, Cetearyl Olivate, Sodium Polyacryloyldimethyl Taurate, Cetearyl Isononanoate, Distarch Phosphate, Tocopheryl Acetate, Sorbitan Olivate, Hydrogenated Polydecene, Retinyl Retinoate, Glycerin, Caprylyl Glycol, Sodium Hyaluronate, Cholesteryl Nonanoate, Disodium EDTA, Hydroxyacetophenone, Canola Oil, Cetearyl Alcohol, Phenylpropanol, Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Extract, 3-O-Ethyl Ascorbic Acid, Sodium Metabisulfite, BHT, Sodium Hydroxide, Trideceth-10.

Yes, and this is what makes it unique. Standard retinol degrades in UV light, meaning morning application is both less effective and potentially more sensitising. Retinyl retinoate is photostable, so it remains active and effective when applied in the morning. Always follow with SPF50+ regardless.

Crystal Retinal uses retinaldehyde, which sits one conversion step closer to retinoic acid than retinol, making it stronger than retinol but still an evening-only product. r-Retinoate uses retinyl retinoate, which works via a different pathway and is photostable for day and night use. Both are highly effective. r-Retinoate is the better choice for those who want morning and evening use or who have found Crystal Retinal too strong.

No. All retinoids including retinyl retinoate are advised against during pregnancy and breastfeeding. If you are pregnant and currently using this product, speak to Dr Laura about alternatives for the duration of your pregnancy.